DETERMINERS
Definitions:
1. Determiners are noun modifiers. They are placed just before a noun to give additional information of it.
2. Determiners noun के modifiers होते हैं। यह ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जो किसी वाक्य में noun से तुरन्त पहले प्रयोग किये जाते हैं और इस बात का निर्धारण करते हैं कि किसकी बात हो रही है या फिर कितनी ‘संख्या या मात्रा’ की बात हो रही है। चूँकि यह भी संज्ञा के बारे में कुछ अतिरिक्त सूचना देते हैं इसीलिए ये भी adjectives (विशेषण) कहलाते हैं।
Determiners in English:-
- Articles (A/An,The)
- This, That, These, Those
- My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their
- Few, Little, Much, Many, A Lot Of, Some, Any, Enough
- One, Ten, Thirty
- All, Both, Half, Either, Neither, Each, Every
- First, Second, Next, last, Previous Etc.
For Example:-
1. I have read this book.
2. This is a very useful book.
3. I can answer all questions.
4. Both answers are right.
5. This man is very tall.
6. That building was used for specific purpose.
7. These sums are really very hard.
8. Those bats are not in good condition.
NOTE:- Use of Some and Any according to the following:-
Affirmative Sentence | Negative Sentence | Interrogative Sentence |
Use ‘some’ | Use ‘any’ (not, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nor) | Use ‘any’ in questions. |
| Use ‘any’ if the real sense of the sentence is negative – Scarcely, hardly, rarely, barely, never | Use ‘some’ in questions if the expected answer is ‘yes’ |
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| Use ‘some’ in offers and requests. |
Example:-
1. I have given him some money to buy chocolates.
2. I have not given him any money to spend.
3. Have you given him any money?
4. Have you given him some money? He says you have.
5. I saw some students playing in the ground.
6. There aren’t any students in the classroom
7. Are there any empty boxes in the store-room?
8. The box doesn’t look empty. Are there some sweets in it?
9. The box looks empty. Are there any sweets in it?
10. Do you have some extra money? I know you have.
11. Do you have any extra money? I don’t think you have.
12. Could you allow me to ask some questions?
13. Can I have some tea, please?
14. Would you give me some more time to think?
15. Would you like to have some lemonade?
16. He denied having any involvement in the crime.
17. I doubt there is any money in his bank account.
18. She refused to share any information with us.
19. She agreed to share some information with us.
20. The teacher forbade us to ask any questions.
21. The teacher allowed us to ask some questions.
22. He seldom gets any extra money to spend.
23. She has hardly any friend in this school.
24. There is barely any flowers left in this garden.
25. He denied that he had taken any bribe.
26. He is too poor to have any extra money.
27. You can get an auto - rickshaw at any railway station.
SOME and ANY
Some and Any are used with countable and uncountable nouns, to describe an indefinite or incomplete quantity.
अनिश्चित और अधूरी मात्रा तथा संख्या का वर्णन करने के लिए Some और Any का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Some और Any का प्रयोग गणनीय और अगणनीय संज्ञा से पहले किया जाता है।
1. Some is used in positive statements:
Some का प्रयोग सकारात्मक वाक्यों में किया जाता हैं, जैसे-
- I had some rice for lunch.
- He’s got some books from the library.
It is also used in questions where we are sure about the answer:
- Didn’t he give you some tea?
- Did she buy some books? I think she did.
2. Some is used in situations where the question is not a request for information, but a method of making a request, encouraging or giving an invitation:
Some का प्रयोग उन वाक्यों में किया जा सकता है जिसमें request, suggestion, advice या offer हो।
- Could I have some books, please?
- Why don’t you take some books home with you?
- Would you like some books?
3. Any is used in questions and with not in negative statements:
Any का प्रयोग नकारात्मक तथा प्रश्नात्मक वाक्यों में किया जाता हैं, जैसे-
- Have you got any tea?
- He didn’t give me any tea?
- I don’t think we’ve got any books?
More Examples:
अतिरिक्त उदाहरण-
Some in positive sentences:-
Some का प्रयोग सकारात्मक वाक्यों में-
1. I will have some news next week.
2. She has some valuable books in her house.
3. Philip wants some help in his exams.
4. There is some butter in the fridge.
5. We need some cheese if we want to make a fondue.
SOME in questions:
Some का प्रयोग प्रश्नात्मक वाक्यों में जो offer, request, advice, suggestion का बोध कराए।
1. Would you like some help?
2. Will you have some more tea/cofee?
ANY in negative sentences:
ANY का प्रयोग नकारात्मक वाक्यों में-
1. She doesn’t want any kitchen appliances for Christmas.
2. They don’t want any help moving to their new house.
3. No, thank you. I don’t want any more cake.
4. There isn’t any reason to complain.
ANY in interrogative sentences:
ANY का प्रयोग प्रश्नात्मक वाक्यों में-
1. Do you have any friends in London?
2. Have they got any children?
3. Do you want any groceries from the shop?
4. Are there any problems with your work?
NOTE 1. किसी भी/कोई भी के अर्थ में any का प्रयोग होता है।
1. You can get an auto - rickshaw at any railway station.
2. Any ball will do its work.
3. You can ask this question to any student of my class.
NOTE 2. “If clause” वाले sentences में “Any” का use किया जाता है।
1. If you miss your way, ask any body.
2. If you have any problem, come to me.
3. If you have any symptoms of COVID-19, quarantine yourself.
MUCH
Much means ‘a lot of’. It is used with Uncountable nouns.
Much का अर्थ ‘अधिक’ होता है लेकिन ‘मात्रा’ में। Much का प्रयोग अगणनीय (जिसको गिना ना जा सके) संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है। Much का प्रयोग गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ नहीं किया जा सकता है।
1. There isn’t much food in the house.
2. I don’t have much free time.
3. You always give me too much trouble.
4. I don’t have much free time due to the demands of work.
5. She didn’t eat much breakfast.
NOTE:- Use of Much and Many according to the following table:
Affirmative Sentence | Negative Sentence | Intrrogative Sentence |
Use ‘a lot of’, ‘lots of’ & ‘plenty of’ | Use ‘many’ & ‘much’ | Use ‘many’ & ‘much’ |
Use ‘many’ and ‘much’, with ‘so’, ‘too’ and ‘as’ |
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|
Example:-
1. We have so much time.
- We have a lot of time.
2. I have made so many friends at college.
- I have made a lot of friends at college.
3. He made a lot of mistakes in the test, therefore he didn’t get good marks.
4. He was extravagant and wasteful. He used to spend a lot of money on useless things.
5. In public life, you have to meet a lot of people every day.
6. There are a lot of/plenty of job opportunities in big cities.
7. There is no need to make haste. You have got plenty of time to write the answers.
8. He is a very popular actor. He has a lot of fans all over the country.
9. We have got a lot of money now. We can buy so many sthings.
10. I can’t concentrate on my work as there is too much noise coming from the street.
11. He gave us too many tasks to accomplish in a short time.
12. I read as many books as I could.
13. You can take as much time as you want.
14. I was new to that place, so I did not know many people there.
15. I have not read many books on this subject, so I don’t have much knowledge.
16. He was very arrogant. There were not many people who liked him.
17. How many things do you want to buy?
18. How much money did you spend on the furniture?
MANY
Many is used with Countable (Plural) Nouns.
Many का अर्थ ‘अनेक’ होता है लेकिन ‘संख्या’ में। Many का प्रयोग गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है, अगणनीय संज्ञा के साथ नहीं।
1. Many children are there in the park today.
2. He was among the many visitors to the site.
3. Among his many faults is self-importance.
4. Many schools are providing smart classes to the students.
5. A good many poems are bad in this book.
6. A great many flowers were offered to him.
Many A/An
Many a/an is used with singular countable noun and singular verb.
Many a/an का प्रयोग एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा तथा एकवचन की क्रिया के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-
1. Many a player is playing cricket in the field now.
2. Many a man was killed in the First World War.
3. Many an apple is eaten by Rohan.
4. Many a girl is not interested in this.
5. Many a student has been sent to America for higher studies.
6. A good many a poem is bad in this book.
7. Many a soldier has attended the parade.
8. Many an H.E. school has been started this year.
9. Many an hour has passed away.
10. Many an man run after name and fame.
LITTLE
It shows quantity (मात्रा).
Little takes uncountable noun and singular verb with it.
Little के साथ अगणनीय संज्ञा और एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है।
Little = यह न के बराबर मात्रा को दर्शाता है। It shows very small quantity. It denotes negative sense. Little has a rather negative meaning. It means hardly any.
Example:-
1. I am sorry. I have little interest in politics.
2. He had little courage so he could not face the situation boldly.
3. The tank is nearly empty. There is little water in it.
4. He have little money left, so he can’t buy any milk.
5. I usually remain busy with work, therefore I get little time to watch TV.
6. I am sorry. I have little money in my pocket.
7. She has little hope of his recovery since she met with a severe accident.
8. She knows little English, so she can’t communicate with them.
9. You have very little patience. You always do things in haste.
10. I get very little time to study.
11. “I’ve got a little money” (=I’ve got enough to live on)
12. He had little money
(= almost no money)
13. I have little money.
(= hardly some)
14. She showed little interest in what I said.
15. I have little interest in philosophy.
16. There was little chance of winning
17. Surbhi’s husband is drunkard, so she has little love and care for her husband.
A Little – यह कुछ/थोड़ी (some) मात्रा को दर्शाता है। It shows a small quantity. These expressions show the speaker’s attitude towards and the quantity he/she is referring to. A little means some.
Example:-
1. With a little patience, you will be able to solve all your problems.
2. Please give them a little/some time to make themselves comfortable.
3. You have become weak. You should pay a little/some more attention to your health.
4. A little knowledge is dangerous thing.
5. A little/some help will motivate these boys.
6. She knows a little English, so she can communicate with them.
7. The teacher has given me only a little time to write the answers.
8. There is only a little money left in my account.
9. Give me a little milk.
(= some milk)
10. I did not know his whereabouts, so had a little difficulty in finding him out.
The Little – not much but all that is available. जो कुछ भी वो सारा।
Example:-
1. I have lost the little energy I had.
2. The little money that he earns is not enough to meet his expenses.
3. Do you wish me to use the little water I saved for Honey?
4. I have lost the little food I had.
5. He wasted the little time that was given to him.
6. She drank the little milk which was left in the glass.
FEW
It shows number.
FEW:- Is used with plural noun and takes plural verb. It shows a very small number, negligible ना के बराबर /अपर्याप्त। It denotes negative sense.
Example:-
1. How can we arrange a get-together in this pandemic situation? Few will come for such a programme.
2. I am sorry. I have few friends.
3. The box is nearly empty. There are few apples in it.
4. He is not popular at all. Few people know him.
5. Your English is really very good. You make few mistakes.
6. I have few good friends, so I feel helpless whenever I need some advice.
7. There are very few people whom I can trust.
8. You make very few mistakes when you type.
9. Few people visited him in hospital
(= he had almost no visitors)
A FEW:- These expressions show the speaker’s attitude towards the numbers he/she is referring to. A small number/some, संख्या में थोड़े/कुछ। A few (for countable nouns) describe the number in positive way.
Example:-
1. I have only a few minutes to answer these questions.
2. There were only a few people in the hall at that time.
3. I do have a few books of communication skills.
4. Only a few candidates came to take their things.
5. “I’ve got a few friends”
(=maybe not many, but enough)
6. He saw me a few months after he had returned from England.
THE FEW:- Not many but all that are available. जो भी थोड़े बहुत हैं वे सभी।
Example:-
1. The few things that he bought were of no use.
2. The few students who came yesterday were not able to answer this question.
3. She spent the few rupees which she found in the wallet.
4. The few candidates who came for the interview could not answer our questions.
5. I have already read the novels which I bought last year.
6. How can I give you the few books which I got in the form of awards?
EACH and EVERY
Each and Every:- Both ‘each’ and ‘every’ go before a singular countable noun and singular verb.
Each और Every का प्रयोग एकवचन की संज्ञा और एकवचन की क्रिया के साथ होता है।
Uses of Each:-
1. Each is used for two or more things.
2. If we use ‘each’ for more things, we see them one by one.
Uses of Every:-
1. Every is used for three or more things.
2. When we use ‘every’, we see things collectively.
NOTE:- Determiners
Each Singular Noun + S.V
Every
Example:-
1. Every book is important.
2. Five boys are standing here. Each boy is wearing white shirt.
3. There were houses on each side of the road.
4. In Japan, children are taught to write with each hand.
5. Each half of the earth is called a hemisphere.
6. I know each and every student in the class.
7. I’ll deal with each problem separately.
8. Each lesson contained a different story.
9. The manager interviewed each candidate separately.
10. We go for a walk every morning.
11. I meet my best friend every Sunday.
12. The Lok Sabha elections are held every five years.
13. They do it every day.
14. Every boy is reading his book.
15. I have only two pens but each pen writes well.
16. I visit my parents every two weeks.
17. The medicine is given to a patient every three hours.
18. You have to take one tablet every four hours.
19. Every book is not equally useful.
20. Each book should be read carefully.
NOTE:- Pronoun
Each of Plural Noun + S.V
Everyone of Plural Pronoun + S.V
1. Each of the books is important.
2. Everyone of the students of this class has been assigned a homework.
3. Each of the boys was intelligent.
4. Everyone/Each of us should do his work.
EACH and BOTH:-
1. Each is used with singular countable noun.
2. Both is used with plural noun.
Example:-
1. There were houses on both sides of the road.
2. There were houses on each side of the road.
3. In Japan, children are taught to write with both hands.
4. In Japan, children are taught to write with each hand.
5. Both of the parents were present in the school annual meet.
Either/Neither
Either – दोनों में से कोई भी
Neither – दोनों में से कोई भी नहीं
We can use ‘either’ and ‘neither’ when we have only two things in mind.
They can’t be used when we talk about more than two things.
Both ‘either’ & ‘neither’ are used with singular countable nouns (when used as determiners).
Either Singular Noun + S. Verb
Neither
Either of Plural noun + S. Verb
Neither of Plural noun + S. Verb
Example:-
1. Either box can be used.
2. Neither box is empty.
3. Either of the boxes contained sweets.
4. Neither of the boxes was empty.
5. Two candidates were called for the interview. Neither candidate was selected.
6. Two options are given. You can choose either option.
7. Either of the students has done his job.
8. Neither of the girls has submitted her fee.
9. Either road will lead you to the railway station.
Neither or None
1. Neither is used to talk about two things.
2. None is used to talk about more than two things.
Example:-
1. Neither of the two students has applied for admission.
2. None of the students got a chance to speak.
3. We received eleven applications for the post. None of the candidates was a post-graduate.
4. We received two applications for the post. Neither or the candidates was a post-graduate.
Certain and A Certain
Certain:- Certain is used with plural noun and uncountable noun.
Certain का प्रयोग बहुवचन की संज्ञा तथा अगणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है।
A Certain:- A Certain is used with singular countable noun.
A Certain का प्रयोग एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है।
Example:-
1. Certain boys of this class will come up with surprising results.
2. She always goes for a certain shop, if she wishes to buy something.
3. There was a certain man whose name I do not remember.
Such
1. Such is used with plural noun and uncountable noun.
Such का प्रयोग बहुवचन की संज्ञा तथा अगणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है।
2. Such a/an- It is used with singular countable noun.
Such a/an का प्रयोग एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है।
Example:-
1. Such books are very useful.
2. I never support such boys who are always ready to do strike for anything.
3. How can I take such lemonade?
4. Will you like to read such a novel?
5. Such an idiot boy will never be able to understand this basic thing.
All/Both/Several
All/both/several indicates towards plural.
All/both/several बहुवचन की ओर इंगित करते हैं।
1. All:- एक जैसी बहुत सारी चीजों के लिए, व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयोग में लिया जाता हैं।
2. Both:- एक जैसी दों वस्तुओं के लिए प्रयोग में लिया जाता हैं।
3. Several:- अलग-अलग अनेक वस्तुओं के लिए प्रयोग में लिया जाता हैं।
Example:-
1. All of the boys of this college have passed with very good marks.
2. Both the players have done well in the game.
3. Several/Various books are scattered on the table.
Article को हम word fixer भी कह सकते है। modern grammar के अनुसार Articles एक प्रकार के Determiners है। ये किसी Noun के पूर्व Antecedent के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते है।
1. Indefinite Article (अनिश्चित):- a, an (one/any) इनका प्रयोग अनिश्चित singular Noun के साथ किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Susan sings a song.
(ii) I have a car.
2. Definite Article :- (The), का प्रयोग उस Noun के पूर्व किया जाता है, जो निश्चित है, विशेष है या जिसकी चर्चा पूर्व में की जा चुकी है। 'The' को इसीलिए definite article कहते है।
Ex. (i) This is the house where she lives.
(ii) The boy in black shirt is my son.
A/An के प्रयोगः
Rule (1) :- जिस शब्द से पूर्व A/An का प्रयोग करना है उसे शब्द के Pronunciation की प्रथम ध्वनि यदि स्वर है तो उससे पूर्व An का प्रयोग करें। अन्यथा A का प्रयोग करें। यहाँ महत्वपूर्ण है कि प्रत्येक अक्षर जो स्वर (Vowel) से शुरू हो जरूरी नहीं कि सबसे पहले हमेशा An का प्रयोग ही होगा।
A Union (यूनियन)
A university (यूनिवर्सिटी)
A ewe (यू) इत्यादि।
अत: An/A के प्रयोग के लिए Pronunciation का पूर्ण ज्ञान होना आवश्यक है।
Rule (2) :- कुछ शब्दों का 'Abbreviation' यदि M, F, N, X, S, L, H आदि से शुरू हो रहा है तो भी उच्चारण की प्रथम ध्वनि (Vowel) ही होती है अतः शब्दों से पूर्व An का प्रयोग करें।
Ex. An NCC (एन. सी. सी.)
An LCD (एल. सी. डी)
An SHO (एस. एच. ओ.)
An FIR (एफ. आई. आर.)
A UID Number (यू. आई. डी.)
A UNESCO delegate (यूनेस्को)
कुछ उदाहरण:
(i) An hour
(ii) An honour
(iii) An heir
(iv) A UNICEF delegate etc.
Rule (3) :- यदि किसी भी Proper Noun का प्रयोग Common Noun के लिए किया जाये तो उससे पूर्व A/An का प्रयोग करें।
Ex. (i) Narendra Modi is a Hitler said some students of JNU.
(ii) Divij is a Sachin Tendulkar.
(iii) Amit is a Kautilya.
Rule (4) :- Exclamatory वाक्यों में What के बाद में Singular countable Noun के पूर्व A/An का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) What a pretty girl!
(ii) What a cricketer!
(iii) What a performance!
Rule (5) :- किसी जाति विशेष को व्यक्त करने के लिए भी Singular Noun से पूर्व A/An का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) A cow is an animal.
(ii) An eagle is a bird.
Rule (6) :- 'प्रति माह' या 'प्रति वस्तु की मत के सन्दर्भ में प्रयोग करने पर A/An का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Manali earns Rs. one thousand a month.
(ii) My car runs hundred kilometers an hour.
Rule (7):- जब uncountable noun का प्रयोग countable noun की तरह होता है तब उसके पहले a/an आता है: जैसे-
1. I have great love for her. - uncountable (प्यार/प्रेम)
2. She is an old love of mine. – countable (प्रेमी/प्रेमिका)
3. This a lamb. – countable (भेड़)
4. There is lamb in the menu. – uncountable (भेड़ का मांस)
Rule (8):- To be in a hurry, to be in a temper, to have a pain/a headache/a fever. To have a mind to, have an eye to, to make a noise, to take liking to, to take fancy to, to have a liking/weakness/taste for, to run a temperature to have a cold, to catch cold or a cold, to make a fire.
Rule (9):- दर, नाप-तौल, गतिसूचक शब्दों के पहले a/an इस प्रकार आता है-
1. Wheat sells two rupees a kilo.
2. He is driving at forty kilometers an hour.
3. He earns five rupees a day.
4. His salary is six hundred rupees a month.
Rule (10):- जब एक से अधिक Noun या Adjective एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध कराएँ तब सिर्फ एक ही के पहले article का प्रयोग होता है, पर यदि अलग-अलग व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं का बोध हो तो उनमें से प्रत्येक के पहले article का प्रयोग होना चाहिए ; जैसे-
- a red and blue pencil.
- a red and a blue pencil.
- a poet and thinker.
- a poet and a thinker.
"The” – Definite Article
- 'The' definite article है। इसका प्रयोग छात्रों द्वारा बिना सोच-समझे बहुतायत में किया जाता है। "The' का उचित प्रयोग English grammar का महत्वपूर्ण अंग है। छात्रों को 'The' के प्रयोग को सावधानीपूर्वक समझना चाहिए।
- Use of 'The' : इसका प्रयोग उस noun से पूर्व किया जाता है, जो निश्चित है, विशेष है या जिसकी चर्चा पूर्व में की जा चुकी है। 'The' को इसीलिए Definite article कहा जाता है।
Rule (11) :- जब किसी पूर्व निर्धारित वस्तु के बारे में कहा जाता है।
Ex. (i) Rohan found a purse. The purse contained a note. The note was made of silver.
(ii) Divya brought a silk saree. The saree is very unique.
Rule (12) :- वाक्य (i) में purse से पूर्व सर्वप्रथम 'a' का प्रयोग किया गया है, बाद में 'the' का प्रयोग किया गया है, क्योंकि यह purse पूर्व निर्धारित, निश्चित हो गया है। इसी तरह note से पहले 'a' का प्रयोग किया गया है, बाद में 'the' का, क्योंकि अब note पूर्व निर्धारित, निश्चित हो चुका है। इसी तरह वाक्य (ii) में पहले saree से पूर्व 'a' तथा बाद में the का प्रयोग किया गया है।
अन्य उदाहरण देखें :
Ex. (i) This is the colony where Harshita lives.
(ii) The man in blue dress is my brother.
(iii) The tall man standing near your father is a minister.
यहाँ The का प्रयोग, एक निश्चित, निर्धारित Noun को व्यक्त करता है।
Rule (13) :- Comparative degree से पूर्व, जब इसका प्रयोग Adverb की तरह किया जाये।
Ex. (i) The more she gets, the more she demands.
(ii) The more you work, the more you get.
Rule (14) :- जब Comparative degree से पूर्व कोई Selection करना व्यक्त हो या Comparison व्यक्त हो तो 'The' का प्रयोग 1 होता है।
Ex. (i) Karan is the stronger of the two.
(ii) This is the better of the two poems.
Rule (15) :- शरीर के अंगों (Parts of the body) के पूर्व 'The' का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex. (i) Ankush was wounded in the arm.
(ii) Govind hit Johny in the head.
Rule (16) :- लेकिन यदि Superlative degree 'most' का प्रयोग very के अर्थ में हो तो उससे पहले the नहीं लगता है।
Ex. (i) Nehal is a most beautiful girl.
(ii) This is a most useful novel.
Rule (17) :- Singular noun के पूर्व जब "The” का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो उस जाति विशेष की विशेषता बताता है।
Ex. (i) The tiger is a fierce animal.
(ii) The dog is a faithful animal.
Rule (18) :- धार्मिक समुदायों के नाम, साम्राज्यों के नाम, इतिहास की घटनाओं वंशजों के नाम, राजनैतिक दलों के नाम, ट्रेन, जहाज, अखबार के नाम, महत्वपूर्ण भवनों के नाम, नदियों के नाम, नहरों के नाम, समुद्र के नाम आदि के पूर्व 'The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे :-
(a) The Ganges / The Godawari / The Sutlej.
(b) The Pacific, The Red Sea, The Indian Ocean.
(c) The Hindus, The Muslims, the Sikhs.
(d) The Intercity express, The Rajdhani Express.
(e) The BJP, The Congress, The Communist Party.
(f) The Boeing, The Vikrant.
(g) The bay of Bengal, The gulf of Mexico.
(h) "The Taj Mahal, The Red Fort.
(i) The French Revolution, The Quit India Movement.
(j) The Hindustan Times, The Indian Express.
Rule (19) :- जो वस्तुएँ Unique हैं, उससे पूर्व "The' का प्रयोग होता है।
जैसे :- The sun, The earth, The world, The universe, etc. लेकिन Heaven, Hell, God, Parliament के पूर्व ‘The’ का प्रयोग नहीं होता हैं।
Ex. (i) The sun sets in the west.
(ii) The earth revolves round the sun.
(iii) Go to hell. (No 'the’)
(iv) Gods reside in heaven. (No 'the')
(v) Manjulika will raise this issue in Parliament. (No 'the’)
Rule (20) :- धार्मिक ग्रन्थों के नाम के पूर्व ‘The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
जैसे :- The Ramayana, The Quran, The Bible etc.
Ex. (i) The Ramayana is a sacred book.
(ii) The Quran is also a sacred book.
लेकिन Valmiki's Ramayana, Banbhatt's kadambiri, जैसे स्थिति में, इनके पूर्व 'The' नहीं लगता है।
Rule (21) :- व्यक्ति के पद के पूर्व 'The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे -
Ex. (i) The Chairman will decide the matter.
(ii) The meeting was presided over by the Executive Director.
(iii) This decision is taken by the Prime Minister.
Rule (22) :- Nationality (राष्ट्रीयता) व्यक्त करने वाले शब्दों से पूर्व ‘The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(i) The English defeated the French.
(ii) The Indian Cricket team has won the match.
Rule (23) :- किसी Proper Noun के बाद जब कोई Adjective उसी Noun को qualify करते हुए लगाया जाता है। जैसे :-
The Great Napoleon, The Warrior etc.
Rule (24) :- Ordinals से पूर्व ‘The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। First, second, third..... ordinals तथा one, two, three.... cardinals कहलाते है।
Ex. (i) The tenth chapter of this book is very difficult.
(ii) Priyansh is the first to arrive in the meeting.
Rule (25) :- Musical Instrument, किसी आविष्कार (Invention) के नाम के पूर्व, 'The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Utpala can play the Table/Violin/Trumpet.
(ii) Who invented the Telephone/Telescope?
Rule (26) :- Go to the cinema, Go to the theatre में Cinema एवं Theatre से पूर्व 'The' लगता है।
Ex. (i) Sanjay went to the cinema yesterday.
(ii) Riya is going to the theatre with Mahesh.
Rule (27) :- "The” का प्रयोग Country के नाम से पूर्व नहीं होता है लेकिन यदि Country के नाम के साथ Republic, Kingdom, States जुड़े हुए हों तो ‘The' का प्रयोग इनसे पूर्व किया जाता है।
जैसे :- The Republic of Ireland, The Dominion Republic, The United States, The United Kingdom etc.
Ex. (i) Rakesh visited India and the United States.
(ii) They went to Canada and the United Kingdom.
Rule (28) :- "The” का प्रयोग Plural names of: Countries/Islands/Mountains/Person के साथ होता है।
जैसे:- The Netherlands, The Lakshadweep islands, The Philippines, The Andes, The Alps, The Himalayas, The Johnsons, The Raymonds,etc.
Rule (29) :- East, West, North, South के साथ 'The' का प्रयोग होता है लेकिन यदि इनके साथ किसी Place का नाम जोड़ा गया हो तो 'The' का प्रयोग नहीं होगा। इसी तरह Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western से पूर्व 'The' नहीं आता है।
Ex. (i) The sun rises in the east.
(ii) Govardhan is going to North America.
(iii) Rajasthan is in Western India.
(iv) Sweden is in Northern Europe.
Rule (30):- Uncountable Nouns के पहले भी the का प्रयोग उचित है यदि ये Countable Nouns की भाँति प्रयुक्त किये जाएँ। ध्यान दें कि जब Uncountable Noun के बाद कोई Preposition (in,of) आता है, तब ये निश्चित Countable हो जाते है और इसलिए इनके पहले the आता है; जैसे-
1. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.
2. The coal of Jharia is of good quality.
3. The prosperity of a country depends upon its citizens.
4. The beauty of Kashmir is praiseworthy.
Rule (31):- The + Adjective- it denotes whole class.
Adjective से पहले the article लगने पर पूरी जाति का बोध होता है।
1. The rich should help the poor.
2. The rich are not always happy.
Rule (32):- Plural Nouns and article- यदि countable noun plural हो तो article का प्रयोग नहीं होता। Plural nouns के पहले a/an का प्रयोग तो कभी हो ही नहीं सकता, the का भी प्रयोग नहीं होता है, यदि वह indefinite (अनिश्चित) हो-
1. Dogs bark.
2. Cows give us.
यहाँ dogs और cows से खास dogs/cows का बोध नहीं होता है। इसलिए ये वाक्य अशुद्ध है-
3. The dogs bark at night.
4. The cows give us milk.
Note- यदि किसी plural noun से निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध हो, तो the का प्रयोग उचित है; जैसे-
5. The dogs of this place are black.
6. The cows of Ram give milk.
7. Men are good.
8. The men of India are god.
9. Books are useful.
10. The books of Ram are useful.
NO ARTICLE-ZERO ARTICLE
- Articles का प्रयोग छात्रों को बहुत सावधानी से करना चाहिए। नीचे दी गई स्थितियों में Articles का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Rule (33) :- खाने के नाम (Lunch, dinner, supper, breakfast) के पूर्व Articles का प्रयोग सामान्य स्थिति में नहीं किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Sonalika couldn't have breakfast this morning.
(ii) Riya was invited to dinner.
(iii) I had lunch at 1 P.M.
लेकिन यदि खाने के नाम के साथ कोई Adjective लगा हो या खाना Particular हो गया हो तो Articles का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Vaishali arranged a nice dinner.
(ii) The dinner hosted by the queen was superb.
Rule (34) :- बीमारियाँ (Disease) के नाम से पूर्व सामान्यतया कोई Article नहीं लगता है।
Ex. (i) Romeo is suffering from fever.
(ii) He died of Covid-19.
Rule (35) :- भाषा के नाम, रंग के नाम के पहले Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता है।
Ex. (i) I can speak Hindi, but I can't speak English.
(ii) Ronaldo likes blue and white colour.
लेकिन यदि colour का नाम एक Adjective की तरह किसी Countable noun के साथ प्रयुक्त हुआ है तो Article का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(i) Babita has a blue saree.
(ii) I have a red pen.
Rule (36) :- विषयों (Subjects) के नाम के पूर्व सामान्यतया Articles का प्रयोग नहीं करते है। जैसे:
Ex. (i) I am student of Political Science.
(ii) Meenakshi is learning French.
(iii) I secured 88% marks in English.
(iv) Ishika is good at Physics.
Rule (37) :- 'Kind of के बाद 'The' का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) What kind of bird it was!
(ii) What kind of girl she is
Rule (38) :- कुछ ऐसे Phrases जिनमें Preposition के बाद object आता है इनमें Articles का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। जैसे :- at hand, by name, by bus, by train, by plane, in jail, at dinner, underground, in jest, by water, on horseback, at sunset, in debt, in hand, all day, all night, at noon, at night, by post etc.
Rule (39) :- जब किसी abstract noun द्वारा feelings या emotions को कथन की तरह व्यक्त किया जाये तो Articles का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Honesty is the best policy.
(ii) Virtue has its own reward..
लेकिन यदि Abstract noun द्वारा किसी व्यक्ति/जीव या वस्तु की Qualities से सम्बन्ध स्थापित किया जाये तो उसके पूर्व article, नही लगता है।
Ex. (i) Somit possesses the swiftness of a tiger.
(ii) Niharika has the cunningness of fox.
Rule (40) :- जब Common Noun का प्रयोग विस्तृत अर्थ में किया जाता है तो उससे पूर्व Articles नहीं लगता है।
Ex. (i) Dog is an intelligent animal.
(ii) Birds fly.
(iii) Fish live in water. :
(iv) Cows eat grass.
Rule (41) :- सामान्यतयाः Proper Noun से पूर्व Articles का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है, लेकिन यदि Proper Noun का प्रयोग एक Common noun की तरह होता है तो उससे पहले Articles का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex. (i) Akbar was a great King.
(ii) Agra is a beautiful city.
(iii) Mehul is the Kohli of our college.
(iv) Mumbai is the Manchester of India. यहाँ Manchester एंव Kohli का प्रयोग Common noun की तरह हुआ है।
Rule (42) :- 'Games' के नाम के पूर्व 'The' प्रयोग नहीं होता है।
Ex.(i) Divijraj plays golf.
(ii) Rahul plays cricket.
Rule (43) :- 'Season के नाम के पूर्व ‘The' का प्रयोग नही होता है।
Ex. (i) In spring we like to clean the house.
(ii) David is planning to visit his parents in winter.
Some Important Examples:-
| Incorrect sent. | Correct sent. |
1 | Never tell lie. | Never tell a lie. |
2 | Always speak truth. | Always speak the truth. |
3 | It is a half past seven by my watch. | It is half past seven by my watch. |
4 | It is quarter past five now. | It is a quarter five now. |
5 | You are in wrong. | You are in the wrong. |
6 | I am in hurry | I am in a hurry. |
7 | I read Indian Express daily. | I read the Indian Express daily. |
8 | The English is spoken by English. | English is spoken by the English |
9 | Kavita is best girl in class. | Kavita is the best girl in the class. |
10 | The man is mortal. | Man is mortal. |
11 | He is honest boy. | He is an honest boy. |
12 | His brother is M.P. | His brother is an M.P. |
13 | Here is a umbrella. | Here is an umbrella. |
14 | He has headache. | He has a headache. |
15 | It is time to take the tea. | It is time to take tea. |
16 | A red and white cow are grazing. | A read and a white cow are grazing. |
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