Determiners
Definition:
► ‘Determiners’ are noun modifiers. They are placed just before a noun to give additional information about it.
(यह ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जो किसी वाक्य में Noun से तुरन्त पहले use किये जाते हैं और इस बात का निर्धारण करते हैं किकिसकी बात हो रही है या फिर कितनी ‘संख्या या मात्रा’ की बातहो रही है। चूँकि यह भी संज्ञा के बारे में कुछ अतिरिक्त सूचनादेते हैं इसलिए ये भी Adjectives (विशेषण) कहलाते हैं।
Kinds of Determiners
► Articles - A, An, The
► Demonstratives - This, That, These, Those
► Possessives - My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their
► Quantifiers - Few, Little, Much, Many, A lot of, Some, Any, Enough
► Numerals - First, Second, Next, Last, Previous One, Ten, Thirty
► Distributives - All, Both, Half, Either, Neither, Each, Every
► Interrogatives - Which, What, Whose etc.
Examples:
• I need a phone.
• I saw a movie last night.
• The movie is based on a real life incident.
• I will come after an hour.
• Seven is my lucky number.
• Each team consists of eleven players.
• I finished in the first place in the competition.
• You will go second.
• Whose car keys are these?
• What books did you read?
• Which three teachers do you prefer?
• I have read this book.
• This is a very useful book.
• I can answer all questions.
• Both answers are right.
• Many dogs were barking last night.
• That building was used for specific purpose.
• These sums are really very hard.
• My bird was singing all day.
1. Some/Any
● ‘Some and Any’ are used with countable and uncountable nouns, to describe an indefinite or incomplete quantity.
(अनिश्चित और अधूरी मात्रा तथा संख्या का वर्णन करने के लिए Some और Any का use किया जाता है। Some और Any का use गणनीय और अगणनीय संज्ञा से पहले किया जाता है।)
(i) ‘Some’ is used in positive statements:
(Some का use सकारात्मक वाक्यों में किया जाता हैं।)
Examples :
• I had some rice for lunch.
• He has got some books from the library.
• I will have some news next week.
• She has some valuable books in her house.
(ii) ‘Some’ का use, interrogative sentence (प्रश्नात्मकवाक्यों) में जो offer, request, advice, suggestion केलिए किया जाता है।
Examples :
• Would you like some help?
• Will you have some more tea/coffee?
• Could I have some books, please?
• Why don’t you take home some books with you?
• Would you like to take some chocolates?
(iii) ‘Any’ is used in negative sentences and Interrogative sentences:
(Any का use नकारात्मक तथा प्रश्नात्मक वाक्यों में कियाजाता हैं।)
Examples :
• Have you got any tea?
• He didn’t give me any tea?
• I don’t think we’ve got any book?
• They don’t want any help moving to their new house.
• Do you have any friend in London?
• Have they got any children?
Note: किसी भी/कोई भी के अर्थ में ‘any’ का use होता है।
Examples :
• You can get an auto - rickshaw at any railway station.
• Any ball will do its work.
• You can ask this question to any student of my class.
Note : ‘If clause’ वाले sentences में ‘Any’ का use किया जाता है।
Examples :
• If you have any problem, come to me.
• If you have any symptoms of COVID-19, quarantine yourself.
Affirmative Sentence | Negative Sentence | Interrogative Sentence |
Use ‘some’ | Use ‘any’ (not, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nor, too__to etc.) | Use ‘any’ in questions. |
| Use ‘any’ if the real sense of the sentence is negative – scarcely, hardly, rarely, barely, never, forbade, seldom, without, doubt, refuse, deny etc. | Use ‘some’ in questions if the expected answer is ‘yes’ |
|
| Use ‘some’ in offers and requests. |
Examples:-
• I have given him some money to buy chocolates.
• Can I have some tea, please?
• Would you give me some more time to think?
• The teacher allowed us to ask some questions.
• I have not given him any money to spend.
• He denied having any involvement in the crime.
• I doubt there is any money in his bank account.
• She refused to share any information with us.
• The teacher forbade us to ask any questions.
• He seldom gets any extra money to spend.
• She has hardly any friend in this school.
2. Much/Many
► Much
♦ Much means ‘A lot of’.
It is used with uncountable nouns.
(Much का अर्थ ‘अधिक’ होता है लेकिन Quantity (मात्रा) में। Much का use अगणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है, गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ नहीं।)
► Many
♦ ‘Many’ is used with countable (plural) nouns.
♦ Many का अर्थ ‘अनेक’ होता है लेकिन Number (संख्या) में।
(Many का use गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है, अगणनीय संज्ञा के साथ नहीं।)
Examples:
• Many children are there in the park today.
• He was among the many visitors to the site.
• Among his many faults is self-importance.
• There isn’t much food in the house.
• I don’t have much free time.
• You always give me too much trouble.
Note:- Use of ‘Much and Many’ according to the following table:
Affirmative Sentence | Negative Sentence | Interrogative Sentence |
Use ‘a lot of’, ‘lots of’ and ‘plenty of’ | Use ‘many’ and ‘much’ | Use ‘many’ and ‘much’ |
Use ‘many’ and ‘much’, with ‘so’, ‘too’ and ‘as’ |
|
|
Examples:
• We have a lot of time.
• I have made a lot of friends at college.
• He made a lot of mistakes in the test, therefore he didn’t get good marks.
• There are a lot of/plenty of job opportunities in big cities.
• I have made so many friends at college.
• He gave us too many tasks to accomplish in a short time.
• I read as many books as I could.
• We have so much time.
3. Many A/An
► ‘Many a/an’ is used with singular countable noun and singular verb.
(Many a/an का use एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा तथाएकवचन की क्रिया के साथ use किया जाता है।)
Examples :
• Many a player is playing cricket in the field now.
• Many a man was killed in the First World War.
• Many a girl is not interested in this.
• Many an apple is eaten by Rohan.
4. Little/A Little/The Little
► Little का अर्थ नकारात्मक (नगण्य या कुछ नहीं) होता है। A little का अर्थ 'कुछ', 'थोड़ा सा’ होता है। जबकि The little का अर्थ ‘जो कुछ भी वो सारा’ (not much but all that is) होता है।
► It shows quantity. (मात्रा)
(A) Little :
♦ ‘Little’ is used before uncountable noun and takes singular verb. It shows very small quantity. It denotes negative sense. ‘Little’ has a rather negative meaning. It means hardly any.
Examples:
• I am sorry. I have little interest in politics.
• He had little courage so he could not face the situation boldly.
• The tank is nearly empty. There is little water in it.
• He has very little patience, so he can’t wait.
• He takes little interest in parental business.
• We have little hope of his recovery.
• He has little knowledge of computers.
(B) A Little
♦ It shows a small quantity. These expressions show the speaker’s attitude towards and the quantity he/she is referring to. A little means some.
Examples:
• With a little patience, you will be able to solve all your problems.
• Please give them a little/some time to make themselves comfortable.
• You have become weak. You should pay a little/some more attention to your health.
• We have a little hope of his recovery.
• A little knowledge is always dangerous.
• He takes a little interest in parental business.
(C) The Little :
► not much but all that is available.
(जो कुछ भी वो सारा)
Examples:
• I have lost the little energy I had.
• The little money that he earns is not enough to meet his expenses.
• Do you wish me to use the little water I saved for Honey?
• The little money she had, was also spent on medicines.
• He has wasted the little money he had in gambling.
5. Few/A Few/The Few
► ‘Few’ का use countable nouns के लिए किया जाता है। Few का अर्थ नकारात्मक (नगण्य, न के बराबर) होता है। ‘A few’ का अर्थ 'कुछ, थोड़ा सा' होता है, जबकि ‘The few’ का अर्थ 'जो भी थोड़ा सा सब'।
► It shows number. (संख्या)
(A) Few :
♦ ‘Few’ is used with plural nouns and takes plural verb. It shows a very small number, negligible (नाके बराबर /अपर्याप्त). It denotes negative sense.
Examples:
• How can we arrange a get-together in this pandemic situation? Few will come for such a programme.
• I am sorry. I have few friends.
• The box is nearly empty. There are few apples in it.
• He is not popular at all. Few people know him.
• Few people are fully happy.
• Few men are free from any disease.
• Few women can avoid talking.
• Few people reach the age of 100 years.
• Few women can keep secrets.
(B) A few :
♦ These expressions show the speaker’s attitude towards the numbers ‘he/she’ is referring to. A small number/some. (संख्या में थोड़े/कुछ)
♦ A few (for countable nouns) describe the number in positive way.
Examples:
• I have only a few minutes to answer these questions.
• There were only a few people in the hall at that time.
• I do have a few books of communication skills.
• A few persons can write correct English.
• He asked me a few questions.
• He died only a few months ago.
• A few students secured more than 80% marks in Physics.
• Please wait for a few minutes.
(C) The Few:
♦ Not many but all that are available. (जो भी थोड़ा सा, वो सभी)
Examples:-
• The few things that he bought were of no use.
• The few students who came yesterday were not able to answer this question.
• She spent the few rupees which she found in the wallet.
• The few utensils she had, were taken by the thief.
• The few clothes he had, all burnt in fire.
• The few members of the committee all took part in the demonstration.
• The few books he had, were taken by the thief.
6. Each/Every
♦ Both ‘Each’ and ‘Every’ go before a singular countable noun and take singular verb.
♦ (Each और Every का use एकवचन की संज्ञा औरएकवचन की क्रिया के साथ होता है।)
♦ ‘Each’ is used for two or more things/places/ persons but ‘Every’ is used for three or more things/places/persons.
♦ Each का use निश्चित संख्या हेतु, तथा Every का use अनिश्चित संख्या हेतु किया जाता है।
♦ Each का use उस समय किया जाता है जब, वस्तु या व्यक्ति को individuality, separate action express करना हो but Every का use group में action को express करना होता है।
Examples :
● If we use each for more things, we see them one by one.
• There were houses on each side of the road.
• In Japan, children are taught to write with eachhand.
• Each half of the earth is called a hemisphere.
• I have only two pens but each pen writes well.
• I know each and every student in the class.
• The Lok Sabha elections are held every five years.
• Every boy is reading his book.
• I visit my parents every two weeks.
• Every student gets a prize.
• Every candidate was given a certificate.
NOTE :- Determiners
Examples:
• Five boys are standing here. Each boy is wearing white shirt.
• Every book is important.
NOTE:- Pronoun
Each of → Plural Noun + S.V.
Everyone of → Plural Pronoun + S.V.
Examples:
• Each of the books is important.
• Each of the boys was intelligent.
• Each of the two girls gets a prize.
• Everyone of the students of this class has been assigned a homework.
Note: Each एक Pronoun भी है एवं एक Adjective भी है। अत: Each के बाद 'of' का use किया जा सकता है। लेकिन Every केवल Adjective है। अत: Every के बाद 'of ' का use करना गलत होता है।
Examples :
• Each of the teachers is doing his work. (Correct)
• Every of the teachers is doing his work. (Incorrect)
• Each of the boxes was empty.
7. Either/Neither/Both
♦ We can use ‘Either’ and ‘Neither’, when we have only two things in mind. They can’t be used when we talk about more than two things/places /persons.
♦ Both ‘Either’ and ‘Neither’ are used with singular countable nouns (when used as determiners).
♦ Either - दोनों में से एक या दूसरा।
♦ Neither – दोनों में से कोई भी नहीं।
♦ Both - दोनों।
(Either का अर्थ ‘या तो' उस स्थिति में होता है जब एक भाग, दूसरे भाग का ही Complement होता है। Both का use plural noun के साथ किया जाता है।)
Examples:
• There was water on either side of the highway.
• His either son went to America.
• Either box can be used.
• Either of the boxes contained sweets.
• Neither box is empty.
• Neither of the boxes was empty.
• There were houses on both sides of the road.
• In Japan, children are taught to write with bothhands.
8. Neither/None
♦ ‘Neither’ is used to talk about two things/places /persons.
♦ ‘None’ is used to talk about more than two things /places/persons.
Examples:
• Neither of the two students has applied for admission.
• None of the students got a chance to speak.
9. Certain/A Certain
(A) Certain
♦ ‘Certain’ is used with plural noun and uncountable noun.
(Certain का use बहुवचन की संज्ञा तथा अगणनीय संज्ञाके साथ किया जाता है।)
(B) A Certain
♦ ‘A Certain’ is used with singular countable noun.
(A Certain का use एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ कियाजाता है।)
Examples:
• Certain boys of this class will come up with surprising results.
• She always goes for a certain shop, if she wishes to buy something.
• There was a certain man whose name I do not remember.
10. Such/Such a/an
♦ ‘Such’ is used with plural noun and uncountable noun.
(Such का use बहुवचन की संज्ञा तथा अगणनीय संज्ञा केसाथ किया जाता है।)
♦ ‘Such a/an’ is used with singular countable noun.
(Such a/an का use एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ कियाजाता है।)
Examples:
• Such books are very useful.
• How can I take such lemonade?
• Will you like to read such a novel?
11. Whole/All /Several
♦ ‘Whole/All /several’ indicate towards plural.
♦ Whole का use जब एक Adjective की तरह किया जाता है, तो इससे पहले ‘The’ का use होता है। Whole का use जब Proper Noun के पहले किया जाता है, तो इससे पहले ‘The’ तथा बाद में ‘of’ का use होता है।
♦ ‘All’ का use जब Plural Noun के साथ किया जाता है, तो All के बाद ‘The’ का use करना होता है। Possessive Noun या Pronoun के साथ All हमेशा उससे पहले use होताहै।
♦ ‘Several’ अलग-अलग अनेक वस्तुओं के लिए ‘use’ कियाजाता हैं।
Examples:
• He wasted the whole day.
• I worked the whole day.
• The whole of India mourned the death of Rajeev Gandhi.
• The whole of Rajasthan was in the grip of drought.
• All of the boys of this college have passed with very good marks.
• All the students were happy.
• All the girls were present.
• All my friends went to the party.
• He spent all his money.
• Several books are scattered on the table.
• City officials have lost several hundred dollars in bad investments.
12. Later/Latest/Latter/Last
♦ ‘Later’ एवं ‘Latest’ का use सामान्य रूप से time के सन्दर्भ में किया जाता है।
♦ ‘Latter’ एवं ‘Last’ का use स्थिति (क्रम) में किया जाता है।
♦ जब दो के लिए स्थिति/क्रम के सन्दर्भ में use किया जाना हो, तो Latter का, एवं दो से अधिक के सन्दर्भ योग (बाद वाले को बताने के लिए) किया जाता है। Latest का अर्थ होता है: Last up to now only, अर्थात् अब तक जो अन्तिम है जबकि Last का अर्थ होता है अन्तिम, उसके बाद कोई नहीं (Finally last).
Examples :
• I will come later.
• He came later than I.
• This is the latest fashion.
• This is the latest technology.
• Between Ram and Shyam, the latter is more intelligent.
• At last the chairman distributed the prizes.
• Lord Mountbatten was the last Governor General of India.
13. Fewer/Less/Lesser
♦ ‘Fewer’ का use countables में ‘कम संख्या' दर्शाने हेतु किया जाता है।
♦ ‘Less’ का use uncountables में 'थोड़ी मात्रा’ दर्शाने हेतु किया जाता है। Price एवं Number के साथ Less का use नहीं होता है।
♦ ‘Lesser’ का अर्थ होता है कम महत्त्वपूर्ण।
Examples:
• Fewer persons were present in the meeting.
• No fewer than ten persons were killed in the accident.
• She had fewer chores, but she also had lessenergy.
• I have less time for my preparations.
• He has less money to buy a T.V.
• We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.
• Many lesser speakers also came to speak.
• Many lesser leaders were present in the function.
Note: Generally, when we're talking about countable things, we use the word fewer, when we're talking about measurable quantities that we cannot count, we use the word less.
14. Farther/Further/Farthest
♦ ‘Farther’ का अर्थ होता है तुलनात्मक रूप से अधिक दूर (Far-Farther-Farthest) यह Far की Comparative degree है।
♦ ‘Farthest’, Far की Superlative degree है, जिसका अर्थ है सबसे अधिक दूर।
♦ ‘Further’ का अर्थ होता है Additional (अतिरिक्त) Farther एवं Farthest का use दूरी के सन्दर्भ में तथा Further का use Action या सूचना आदि के सन्दर्भ में usually किया जाता है।
Examples:
• Mumbai is farther from Alwar than from Jaipur.
• No further action is required.
• Please don't make further delay.
• It is the farthest place from the railway station.
15. Elder/Eldest/Older/Oldest
♦ ‘Elder/Eldest’ का use एक ही परिवार के सदस्यों हेतु किया जाता है।
♦ ‘Older/Oldest’ का use व्यक्तियों एवं वस्तुओं दोनों के लिए किया जाता है। Elder के साथ हमेशा ‘to' जबकि Older के साथ 'than' Preposition का use होता है।
Examples :
• Bhavesh is my elder brother.
• Abhishek and Manveer are real brothers. Abhishek is elder to Manveer.
• My mother is the eldest member of our family.
• Ram is older than Shyam.
• The older people should be respected.
• This is the oldest college in our city.
कोई टिप्पणी नहीं:
एक टिप्पणी भेजें