Tense/Sequence of Tenses
Simple Present Tense:
♦ (a) Affirmative: Sub. + V1/V5(s/es) + Obj.
♦ Negative: Sub. + do/does + not + V1 + Obj.
♦ Interrogative: Do/Does + Sub. + V1 + Obj.?
♦ Int. Negative: Do/Does + Sub. + not + V1 + Obj.?
(B) Sub. + is/am/are + Noun Phrase/Adjective
♦ Do (Plural) – I, We, You, They
♦ Does (Singular) – He, She, It
Examples:
• I play tennis.
• I do not play tennis.
• Do I play tennis?
• Do I not play tennis?
• She studies in this college.
• She does not study in this college.
• Does she study in this college?
• Does she not study in this college?
Adverbials:
♦ To show those actions which have following words: always, never, seldom generally, hardly, scarcely, rarely, occasionally, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/year, daily, once /twice a day / a week/year, sometimes etc.
USE 1
♦ To express Habitual/Regular actions:
♦ ‘Simple Present Tense’ is used to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.
(किसी भी आदतन क्रिया, रोज़ाना के कार्य व रीति रिवाज आदिके कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
• When does the train usually leave?
• He rarely speaks Hindi.
• Generally, the shops open at 9.
• She always forgets her purse.
• He goes for a walk daily.
• I take exercise in the morning regularly.
USE 2
♦ To express general, permanent, scientific and universal truth:
(सामान्य/स्थायी/वैज्ञानिक सत्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• Cats like milk.
• Jatin’s brother lives in Mumbai.
• Water freezes at 0°C.
• Oil floats on water.
• The sun rises in the east.
• The earth revolves around the sun.
• The Muslims bury their dead.
• Light travels faster than sound.
USE 3
♦ ‘Simple Present Tense’ is used to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
(निकट भविष्य में घटित होने वाले पूर्व निर्धारित कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• The party starts at 8 o’clock.
• The Prime Minister arrives in Jodhpur tomorrow.
• The match starts at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
USE 4
♦ To express proverbial sayings and quotations:
(कहावतों और उद्धरणों को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• Actions speak louder than words.
• All that glitters is not gold.
• A new broom sweeps clean.
• Barking dogs seldom bite.
• A bad workman always blames his tools.
• Make hay while the sun shines.
USE 5
♦ To express emotions and mental states:
(भावनाओं व मानसिक स्थिति को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• I hate beggars.
• I understand your problem.
USE 6
♦ To express live broadcast of sports or events:
(खेल और घटनाओं के लाइव प्रसारण को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• Rohit hits the ball nicely but fielder catches it.
• The Prime Minister hoists the tricolour.
USE 7
♦ In conditional sentence (Possible condition):
(सम्भावित शर्त वाले वाक्यों में)
Structure – If + Simple Present + Simple Future
Examples:
• If you work hard, you will get good marks.
• If he doesn’t invite me, I will not go there.
Note:
♦ If the verb ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o, add -esto the base form:
eg. kiss - kisses, finish - finishes, watch - watches, mix - mixes, go - goes
♦ If the verb ends with consonant + y changes into ‘I’ and add ‘-es’:
eg. study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry – carries
USE 8
♦ In clauses of time:
♦ Main clause + Time clause
♦ Simple Future Tense + when/after/before + Simple Present Tense
Examples:
• I will call you when dinner gets ready.
• I will go abroad after I finish my studies.
• She will see you before she leaves.
Present Continuous Tense:
♦ Affirmative: Sub. + is/am/are + V1 + ing + Obj.
♦ Negative: Sub. + is/am/are + not + V1 + ing + Obj.
♦ Interrogative: Is/Am/Are + Sub. + V1 + ing + Obj.?
♦ Int. Negative: Is/Am/Are + Sub. + not + V1 + ing + Obj.?
♦ Is (Singular) – He, She, It
♦ Am – I
♦ Are (Plural) – We, You, They
Adverbials:
♦ To show those actions which have following words: at present, at this time, at this moment, now, now a days, right now, currently, presently these days etc.
USE 1
♦ To express an action going on at the time of speaking:
(बात करते समय हो रहे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
♦ Used with normal verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
• We are learning English now.
• They are not watching television.
• Are you sleeping?
• What are you doing?
• Right now, I am waiting for you at the bus stop.
• He is not attending his classes these days.
• Why aren’t you doing your homework?
• These days I am reading a novel of an eminent writer.
• At present I am teaching English.
USE 2
♦ To express planned action of the near future:
♦ This week, this evening, this weekend, this month, this Sunday/Monday etc.
(निकट भविष्य में होने वाले निर्धारित कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• My uncle is coming here next week.
• Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
• The movie is releasing this month.
USE 3
♦ To express unfavourable habits:
(नापसंद आदतों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो बार-बार की जाती है।)
Examples:
• She is always coming to class late.
• He is constantly talking.
• I don’t like them because they are always complaining.
• He is always getting up late in the morning.
USE 4
♦ Gradually changing or developing situations:
(धीरे-धीरे लगातार होने वाले परिवर्तनों को दर्शाने के लिए)
Examples:
• Your English is getting better.
• It is getting darker.
• The weather is getting warmer.
• The Universe is expanding.
(A) Non-Continuous Verbs:
♦ Non-continuous verbs or state verbs are verbs that we can’t use in continuous form. Instead of using ‘Present Continuous’ with these verbs, we must use ‘Simple Present’.
♦ believe, dislike, doubt, imagine, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, understand, want, wish etc.
♦ appear, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste etc.
Examples:
• She is disliking that boy. (Incorrect)
• She dislikes that boy. (Correct)
• Jack is preferring going out for dinner tonight. (Incorrect)
• Jack prefers going out for dinner tonight. (Correct)
• I’m recognizing you. (Incorrect)
• I recognize you. (Correct)
• It is smelling bad. (Incorrect)
• It smells bad. (Correct)
• She is appearing a nice enough person. (Incorrect)
• She appears a nice enough person. (Correct)
(B) Other Verbs:
♦ agree, astonish, deny, disagree, impress, mean, please, promise, satisfy, surprise, be, belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, deserve, fit, include, involve, matter, need, owe, own, possess etc.
Examples:
• It is involving a lot of work. (Incorrect)
• It involves a lot of work. (Correct)
• It isn’t mattering. (Incorrect)
• It doesn’t matter. (Correct)
• I am disagreeing with you. (Incorrect)
• I disagree with you. (Correct)
Note: There are also a number of verbs that don’t take the continuous forms in one meaning but take the continuous forms in other meanings. Here are some of the most important.
(C) Non-Continuous Meanings:
♦ feel = ‘have an opinion’
• He feels he should get a second chance.
♦ see = ‘understand’
• I see what you mean.
♦ think = ‘have an opinion’
• I think we should leave immediately.
♦ appear = ‘look like’
• That appears to be strange.
♦ look = ‘seem’
• It looks impossible!
♦ taste = ‘have a taste’
• That tastes yummy!
(D) Continuous Meanings:
♦ feel = ‘feel physically’
• I’m feeling awful this afternoon.
♦ see = ‘visit’
• She’s seeing a doctor this morning.
♦ think = ‘use the brain’
• He is thinking hard about the problem.
♦ appear = ‘be on stage / perform’
• Asha Bhosle is appearing at the concert tonight.
♦ look = ‘stare at’
• I’m looking at that strange man.
♦ taste = ‘use the mouth’
• The cook is tasting the sauce!
Present Perfect Tense:
♦ Affirmative: Sub. + has/have + V3 + Obj.
♦ Negative: Sub. + has/have + not + V3 + Obj.
♦ Interrogative: Has/Have + Sub. + V3 + Obj.?
♦ Int. Negative: Has/Have + Sub. + not + V3 + Obj.?
♦ Has (Singular) – He, She, It
♦ Have (Plural) – I, We, You, They
Adverbials:
♦ To show those actions which have following words: already Yet, as yet, Just, Just now, recently, lately, so far, ever, several times, upto now etc.
USE 1
♦ To express completed actions in the immediate past:
(ऐसे कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो अभी समाप्त हुआ है)
Examples:
• Ram has recently shifted to a new house.
• Sheela has just finished her work.
• He has visited Agra several times.
• Have you ever seen such a horrified movie?
• She has not returned my book yet.
• I have still not received her letter.
USE 2
♦ To express completed actions whose time is not given:
(ऐसे पूर्ण कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जिसका समय नहीं दिया गया हो)
Examples:
• People have travelled to the Moon.
• I have read all these books.
• He has resigned from this post.
• They have left for Mumbai.
USE 3
♦ To express actions beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment. (mainly non-continuous verbs):
(ऐसे कार्यों का वर्णन करने के लिए जो पहले से चल रहा था और अब तक चल रहा है)
Examples:
• I have known him for a long time.
• I have lived here for ten years.
• I have known Mr. Sharma for five years.
Note:
♦ “Last year” and “in the last year” are very different in meaning. “Last year” means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires ‘Simple Past’. “In the last year” means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires ‘Present Perfect’.
Examples:
• I went to Dubai last year.
• I have been to Dubai in the last year.
USE 4
♦ To express an action that happened in past but its effect is continuous in present:
(निकट भूतकाल में घटित हुई घटनाओं अथवा कार्यों के लिए जिनका प्रभाव अभी भी जारी है)
Examples: effect
• I have cut my finger. (now it is bleeding)
• I have finished my task. (now I am free)
USE 5
♦ In sentences which consist the following: “This/That/It is the first/second/third/best/ worst”.
Examples:
• This is the worst story, I have ever listened.
• It is the best novel, I have ever read.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
♦ Affirmative: Sub. + has/have + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + time
♦ Negative: Sub. + has/have + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + time
♦ Interrogative: Has/Have + Sub. + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since /for + time?
♦ Int. Negative: Has/Have + Sub. + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since /for + time?
Note:
♦ Since is used for point of time – Day, Date, Month, Year, Yesterday, That day, Last night, Last week, Last year, Morning, Evening, Childhood, Birth etc. (निश्चित समय के लिए)
♦ For is used for period of time – Half an hour, Two hours, Two weeks, Six months, Ten years, Many years, A long time etc. (अनिश्चित समय के लिए)
USE 1
♦ To express actions started in the past and still continuing:
(ऐसे कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में शुरू हुआ था, अभी भी चल रहा है और सम्भवतः भविष्य में भी चलता रहेगा)
Examples:
• They have been talking in the class for the last two hours.
• She has been working at that company for three years.
• James has been teaching at the university since June.
• They have been playing since four o’clock.
• Why has Sheela not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
• He has been playing football since afternoon.
Note:
♦ Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Instead of using ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ with these verbs, we must use ‘Present Perfect’.
Examples:
• Sam has been having his car for two years. (Incorrect)
• Sam has had his car for two years. (Correct)
• I have been knowing Shyam for ten years.(Incorrect)
• I have known Shyam for ten years. (Correct)
USE 2
♦ It can be used with time phrases like: for, since, how long, all the time, all week etc.
Examples:
• For how long have you been singing?
• Trisha has been laughing all the time.
Simple Past Tense:
♦ (a) Affirmative: Sub. + V2 + Obj.
♦ Negative: Sub. + did + not + V1 + Obj.
♦ Interrogative: Did + Sub. + V1 + Obj.?
♦ Int. Negative: Did + Sub. + not + V1 + Obj.?
♦ (B) Sub. + was/were + Noun Phrase/Adjective
Adverbials:
♦ To show those actions which have following words: ago, before, last day / night / week/ year, yesterday, in 2010, in June, previous day, in past time, the other day, the day before etc.
Examples:
• I saw a movie yesterday.
• My friend left school last year.
• Last year, I travelled to Japan.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• In 2001, they purchased the house for ten lakh rupees.
• I didn’t sleep well last night.
• India got freedom in 1947.
• She came into my room and sat beside me.
• I received your letter a week ago.
USE 1
♦ To express habitual and regular actions of past:
♦ ‘Simple Past’ can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as “used to.” To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
• They never went to school, they always skipped the class.
• He always carried an umbrella.
• He studied many hours every day.
• He smoked daily when he was in London.
• Mahatma Gandhi always carried a stick with him.
USE 2
♦ To express past facts or generalizations/ Historical facts:
(भूतकाल के सामान्य तथ्यों को बताने हेतु)
Examples:
• Did you live in Jaipur when you were a kid?
• Ram’s father was a school teacher.
• Kalidas wrote many poems.
• He watched many movies during his school days.
• Rabindranath Tagore wrote Gitanjali.
• Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb.
USE 3
♦ To express an unreal or a hypothetical condition:
(अवास्तविक शर्त का बोध कराने के लिए)
♦ With the phrase: if, as if, as though, I wish, if only, it is time इत्यादि के बाद Simple Past Tense का use किया जाता है।)
Examples:
• I wish I were a king!
• I wish you knew the truth.
• I wish I had enough knowledge to answer these questions.
• It is time you started working on the project.
• It is time she informed her parents about it.
USE 4
♦ To denote an action which happened later out of the two past actions:
(भूतकाल में एक साथ घटित हुए दो कार्यों में से बाद में घटित होने वाले कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
Examples:
• When I reached home, she was cooking food.
• The light went out while I was studying.
Past Continuous Tense:
♦ Affirmative: Sub. + was/were + V1 + ing + Obj.
♦ Negative: Sub. + was/were + not + V1 + ing + Obj.
♦ Interrogative: Was/Were + Sub. + V1 + ing + Obj.?
♦ Int. Negative: Was/Were + Sub. + not + V1 + ing + Obj.?
♦ Was (Singular) – He, She, It, I
♦ Were (Plural) – We, You, They
USE 1
♦ ‘Past Continuous’ is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of action may or may not be indicated.
(ऐसे कार्य़ों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी समय पर चल रहा था। कार्य का समय दिया हो भी सकता है और नहीं भी।)
Adverbials:
♦ To show those actions which have following words: at this time yesterday, at that time, at 2 pm yesterday etc.
Examples:
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
• At this time yesterday we were having lunch at the restaurant.
• At 4 pm last Tuesday, Trisha was watching her favourite movie.
• At midnight, we were driving through the desert.
• They were playing football in the evening.
• He was listening to music at that time.
USE 2
♦ To express interrupted actions in the past :
(साथ-साथ होने वाले दो कार्य़ों में से यदि एक कार्य Past Continuous में हो, तो दूसरा कार्य जो पहले सम्पन्न हुआ है Simple Past Tense में आता है।)
♦ We use the ‘Past Continuous’ to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the ‘Simple Past’. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
♦ Interrupted action = Past Continuous Tense
Interrupting action = Simple Past Tense
♦ Past Continuous + when + Simple Past Tense
Simple Past + while + Past Continuous Tense
Examples:
• I was watching TV when she called.
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the lights off.
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
• While I was writing the email, the computer went off.
• My father was waiting for me when I returned home.
• Someone entered the room while we were discussing the topic.
USE 3
♦ To express parallel actions:
(भूतकाल में किसी समय में जारी समानान्तर कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
♦ When you use the ‘Past Continuous’ with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
• I was studying while he was making dinner.
• While Sheela was reading a book, Mona was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• We were having fun while it was raining.
USE 4
♦ To express obstinate habits in the past:
(भूतकाल की नापसंद आदतों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो बार-बार की जाती है।)
♦ ‘Past Continuous’ is used with words such as ‘always’ or ‘constantly’ for persistent habits in the past.
Examples:
• She was always coming to class late.
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
• I didn’t like them because they were always complaining.
Note: Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
♦ ‘Non-Continuous Verbs’ cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for ‘Mixed Verbs’ cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using ‘Past Continuous’ with these verbs, you must use ‘Simple Past’.
Examples:
• Jatin was being at my house when you arrived. (Incorrect)
• Jatin was at my house when you arrived.(Correct)
Past Perfect Tense:
♦ Affirmative: Sub. + had + V3 + Obj.
♦ Negative: Sub. + had + not + V3 + Obj.
♦ Interrogative: Had + Sub. + V3 + Obj.?
♦ Int. Negative: Had + Sub. + not + V3 + Obj.?
USE 1
♦ When two actions occur in the past, one after the other, then, the first action is expressed in Past Perfect Tense and the second action is expressed in Simple Past Tense.
Examples:
• I had finished my work before the phone rang.
• When I reached home Shyam had already gone.
• When I reached the station the train had gone.
• After I had eaten breakfast, I went to school.
• I had never seen such a beautiful place before I went to Kashmir.
• I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
• Tony knew Mumbai so well because he had visited the city several times.
USE 2
♦ To express duration before something in the past: (Non-Continuous Verbs)
♦ With ‘Non-Continuous Verbs’ and some non-continuous uses of ‘Mixed Verbs’, we use the ‘Past Perfect’ to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
• We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
• By the time Sheela finished his studies, she hadbeen in London for eight years.
• By the time he retired from that school he hadtaught there for thirty years.
Note:
♦ Although the above use of ‘Past Perfect’ is normally limited to ‘Non-Continuous Verbs’, the words ‘live, work, teach and study’ are sometimes used in this way even though they are not ‘Non-Continuous Verbs’.
USE 3
♦ To express an imaginary or impossible condition of past:
(भूतकाल की किसी अपूर्ण शर्त को व्यक्त करने के लिए)
♦ If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle
Examples:
• If you had worked hard, you would have passed.
• If he had reached the station on time, he would have caught the train.
USE 4
♦ To talk about cause and effect :
Cause/Reason : Past Perfect Tense
Effect : Simple Past Tense
♦ Reason Clause : because, as, since (क्योंकि)
Examples:
• He had no money because he had not received his salary.
• As all the students had gone home, the classroom was empty.
• Since I had already seen the movie, I didn’t go with them.
• Bhavesh was upset as his father had scolded him.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
♦ Affirmative: Sub. + had + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + time
♦ Negative: Sub. + had + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + time
♦ Interrogative: Had + Sub. + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + time?
♦ Int. Negative: Had + Sub. + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + time?
USE 1
♦ To express actions began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time:
(उस कार्यों को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में शुरू हुआ था व भूतकाल के ही किसी समय चल रहा था।)
♦ We use the ‘Past Perfect Continuous’ to show that something started in the past and continued until another time in the past. ‘for five minutes’ and ‘for two weeks’ etc. are durations which can be used with the ‘Past Perfect Continuous’.
Examples:
• At that time he had been working there for two years.
• When Mr. Mehta came to the college in 2005, Mr. Sharma had already been teaching there for five years.
• They had been talking for over an hour when Tony arrived.
USE 2
♦ It is used to express an action that had happened in the past and its effects were still visible in the past.
Examples:
• Abhishek was tired because he had been jogging.
• Shyam gained weight because he had been overeating.
• Suman failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
• He had been working hard, so he felt that he deserved a holiday.
Note:
♦ Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
♦ Instead of using ‘Past Perfect Continuous’ with non-continuous verbs, you must use ‘Past Perfect’.
Examples:
• The motorcycle had been belonging to Shyam for years before Ram bought it. (Incorrect)
• The motorcycle had belonged to Shyam for years before Ram bought it. (Correct)
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